Healthcare Management - Organizational Behavior Essay

Human services Management - Organizational Behavior - Essay Example Basically, this culture uncovers the common convictions, qualities, and suppositions that cooperate to as a social texture that ties the individuals from the association together (Buchbinder and Shanks, 2012). While every association has its own way of life, it is some of the time hard to set up or fortify it. A solid culture contains casual principles that illuminate the general conduct of individuals of an association. Then again, representatives in an association with an unsteady culture burn through a ton of time attempting to make sense of how they should act in various situations (Frost, 1985). Elements that impact and shape hierarchical conduct The foundation of authoritative culture is a mix of a few elements. In any case, before the way of life turns out to be unmistakably removed, the job of powerful supervisory crew can't be made light of. While most supervisors don't contest the job that a culture plays in fulfilling representatives, not many of them neglect to take note of the immediate impact that they have in forming the way of life. From the various components that impact hierarchical culture, the primary ones are talked about beneath. The working gathering: the work power in many associations is a blend of a few systems of officially made work gatherings. The factors that impact the development of these work bunches incorporate characters (for example preparing and experience) and situational factors (for example accessibility of room and the assignment to done). The idea of the gathering and the quantity of individuals comprising it influence the way where the way of life of an association is seen. This is on the grounds that every one of the individuals in these gatherings brings their own perspectives, practices and feelings whose connections bring about the development of hierarchical culture (Dugger, 1991). The subsequent factor impacting hierarchical culture is the style of initiative of the chiefs. Associations that have made a ‘di stant’ hindrance among chiefs and the subordinates regularly make a negative effect on the way of life. Then again, the trust in a director frequently impacts decidedly the full of feeling duty of working gatherings. It is significant that administrators impact incredibly the arrangement of authoritative culture and this impact is straightforwardly relative to the various leveled level (Frost, 1985). The authoritative trademark is the other factor that impacts the arrangement just as the kind of a culture in an association. These qualities incorporate the traits and the level of intricacy of the association. For example, there exists a straightforwardly corresponding connection between the unpredictability of authoritative culture and the size of the organization. Also, greater associations have an inclination towards serious extent of specialization just as generic character. Dissimilar to in greater associations where the general culture is formed by sub-societies, the way of life of little organizations are typically homogenous (Dugger, 1991). Moreover, the originators or proprietors of an association assume a fundamental job in impacting the idea of the way of life created by an association. In many situations, the authors make the way of thinking of the organization just as specify the principal esteems to be maintained. The proprietors of the organization can intrigue their impact on the way of life created from a various measurements which incorporate the kind of the proprietor (for example normal or juridical people) or the quantity of proprietors.

A Rose for Emily Character Analysis

Miss Emily Grierson, the hero of William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† is a bizarre character as in she is discouraged, pulled back, and sick. Confined in her father’s rotting manor in Jefferson, Mississippi, reluctant to acknowledge the progression of time, Miss Emily shows a few manifestations of a psychological sickness. All through the story, Miss Emily is experiencing in solitude (aside from her worker, Tobe) in her perished father’s rotting house. Miss Emily’s story is told by the townspeople, who are keen on the bizarre attributes that Miss Emily appears. Miss Emily will not change with the town and the occasions, and adamantly sticks to the past. She is a desolate lady since her dad frightened every last bit of her admirers off when she was more youthful. In solitude and intellectually sick, Miss Emily shows that she is intellectually wiped out through her pitiful, difficult endeavors to stick to the past. Miss Emily gives her first indications of being not able to change with the occasions toward the start of the story, when she won't make good on her expenses and give her home a letter box. The individuals from the Board of Alderman visit Miss Emily to gather her assessments, she is irritated at the activity. Miss Emily demands that she isn't required to pay burdens in the city of Jefferson and that the authorities can talk with Colonel Sartoris about the issue. Nonetheless, at the hour of this discussion, Colonel Sartoris has been dead for about 10 years. Miss Emily battles with pushing ahead with time since she wouldn't like to change. She wouldn't like to confront the way that she is in solitude and miserable. Miss Emily can't adapt to the loss of her dad, who was the main man in her life, and this is the fundamental driver of Miss Emily’s psychological instability. The story at that point hops forward around thirty years, and the townspeople review another episode of Miss Emily being visited by town authorities. As of now, Miss Emily’s father, Mr. Grierson, has quite recently died, and there is a horrendous smell originating from the chateau. Judge Stevens, the town civic chairman who pity’s Miss Emily chooses to take care of the issue by sprinkling lime in her yard, as opposed to go up against her. Now in the story, the townspeople feel frustrated about Miss Emily in light of the fact that she is thirty years of age, and still single since her dad never permitted her to date or wed. The following day, the ladies from Jefferson visit to Miss Emily to give sympathies from her father’s demise. Miss Emily will not concede that her dad is dead, and clutches the body for three days before at long last turning it over for the burial service. The smell originating from the Grierson home, no doubt from her father’s rotting carcass, shows Miss Emily’s failure to relinquish the past and proceed onward with what's to come. Later in the story, Miss Emily turns out to be neighborly with a development foreman, Homer Barron. The townspeople accept that Miss Emily is investing energy with this honorable man since she was never permitted to date when her dad was alive, and the pity her since Homer is beneath her social class. As Miss Emily and Homer Barron keep on observing one another, Miss Emily goes to the neighborhood drugstore to buy arsenic, with no clarification. The following day, the bundle is conveyed to her home with a note saying the arsenic is for rodents. After Miss Emily buys a bit can set that is monogrammed with Homer’s initials, the townspeople accept that Miss Emily and Homer have gotten hitched. Before long, Homer returns home one day, and never leaves again. Miss Emily’s appearance before long rots alongside her home. Nobody from the town at any point saw Miss Emily or Homer once more, until her passing at age seventy-four. At the point when the townspeople come into the Grierson home for the memorial service, the townspeople discover a room that seems to have been immaculate for various years. Inside the room, the townspeople see Homer Barron’s dead cadaver laid in the bed with an iron silver hair on the cushion close to him from Miss Emily’s last piece of life. Miss Emily couldn't admit to the loss of both her dad and Homer Barron in light of the fact that she had a hard hang on the past, and would not relinquish it until she at last passed on. Miss Emily was a dismal character, since she was discouraged, intellectually sick, and unfit to get a handle on the progression of time. It is seen by the townspeople through her activities that she was extremely dismal and forlorn, and ready to put forth an admirable attempt to shield from being distant from everyone else. Faulkner demonstrated the battle that Miss Emily had with this through her absence of upkeep to her home, her powerlessness to change with the town of Jefferson, and her refusal to relinquish her perished friends and family.

Global Mobile Commerce Strategies - Implementation

Question: Examine about the Global Mobile Commerce : Strategies, Implementation. Answer: Presentation A data framework is basic to a business to give the proper data required to investigation. Databases for business exercises such the client database claimed in NCF just as paper records are acceptable wellsprings of information. Be that as it may, a data framework offers an increasingly exact information required for explicit business forms. In addition, a shrewd framework gives proficient methods of examining the information for viable arranging and dynamic. Besides, Information frameworks are adaptable and give ongoing adjusted data dependent on the business prerequisites. The motivation behind the paper is to investigate the circumstance of NCF and give an answer for its concern. It traces the advantages of embracing data and proposes suitable data framework. It additionally features the method to the followed to actualize the framework and give counsel on further improvements the organization would consider for future development. Advantages of having a data framework Evidently, NCF works an incapable bookkeeping framework which doesn't take into consideration nitty gritty examination of client data. The framework is inflexible and doesn't give canny methods of inspecting the data caught from their customers. Therefore, the organization can't perform focused on showcasing because of absence of exact data about the market elements. Having a data framework will empower the organization to acquire increasingly explicit data about their clients (Laudon Traver, 2002). It will give data about their requesting patterns dependent on their preferences. Through a data framework, the advertising supervisor will have the option to acquire the general image of the division including the organization's day by day exercises. Such will empower him to design effectively for promoting exercises. So also, the promoting group will utilize similar informational collection to investigate client records and distinguish which requests have not been handled. Paper-based s tructures utilized for flexibly activities can without much of a stretch get copied or lose. Be that as it may, Information framework limits the utilization of paper by putting away information securely through reinforcements to forestall misfortune or harm. In addition, the development of distributed computing makes it conceivable to store fundamental authoritative information safely (Gupta, 2006). In addition, it will help diminish the expense of printing flexibly shapes as all activities will be performed electronically. Data framework likewise gives information in custom configurations which will make it simpler for the NCF the executives to utilize. The framework breaks down and presents same informational collection in different arrangements dependent on the division or the situation of a person. For example, the promoting group headed by Tommy Walker will have the option to get to the rundown of procurement requests and contacts of the clients. Additionally, Tommy Walker as the leader of the office will be given a pie graph featuring each showcasing delegates portion of the business (Bidgoli, 2002). Besides, the chief will see a visual chart outlining deals volume for each item. Then again, the bookkeeping will be presented with the sums created by each provider or advertising agent just as the aggregate sum acknowledged for every item. Access to continuous data is basic for settling on key choice planned for accomplishing momentary objectives. NCF has turned out new food items as a major aspect of its development plan. Working different food items will accordingly expect access to ongoing information to keep each product offering alive. Receiving a data framework will empower the organization to acquire continuous data about every item. For example, the organization will decide a bombing product offering and rapidly build up an answer. Such is on the grounds that the framework will gather prompt information concerning the clients and providers and convert it to helpful data that can be followed up on quickly (Awad, 2002). Such will take care of issues of flexibly issues saw before in the organization. The issues of gracefully experienced in NCF are because of the failure to scale with the developing business sector needs. A portion of the companys providers can't adjust to the growing industry activities prompting missed conveyance lines henceforth poor administrations. Be that as it may, a data framework is adaptable and can adjust to different authoritative needs. Various pieces of a data framework can be modified to acclimate to changes (Goldstein, et al, 2002). Along these lines, by receiving the framework, NCF will have the option to scale different offices to adjust to the market necessity to guarantee achievement. For example, the framework will be moved up to remember moment data for client requests and flexibly calendars to help providers in handling. Most suitable framework for NFC One test looked by NCF is the powerlessness to get to exact and auspicious data about the market and explicitly its clients. Despite the fact that the general stores which go about as its gracefully operators gather essential market data, the organization can't access such data as a result of its privacy. The organization is likewise confronted with the issue of dealing with the data accumulated about clients. For instance, there are singular customers and organizations worried about allergens and need to follow their requests from the source to creation. Be that as it may, the organization doesn't have an able framework set up to process and serve their clients with such data. Third, the organization needs to lead a progressively key advertising dependent on the precise market insight. Clearly, it relies upon inadequate and disorderly data acquired from the bookkeeping framework. Obviously NCF experiences chiefly data deficiency just as a suitable measure for overseeing and preparing such data. Subsequently, the best framework to actualize is an E-business framework. E-business framework is favored as a maintainable answer for the organization since it envelops various business exercises including deals of items, client care, supplies, installment handling, data sharing, and the executives of creation control among others (Glover et al, 2001). Through an e-business, NCF will have the option to perform different business tasks internet extending from information assortment to gracefully the board. It will enable the organization to tackle the issue of flexibly as the framework will give gracefully the executives usefulness (Chaffey, 2009). Additionally, the organization will have the option to scale further to other geographic areas. The framework accompanies an internet requesting usefulness where clients will have the option to put in their requests on the web. It will likewise help with tending to the issue of overseeing data about client orders. The web based requesting framework will permit clients to follow their requests dependent on their particular prerequisites from source to creation (Xu Quaddus, 2010). E-business frameworks additionally come outfitted with the capacity to gather data about client exercises. The frameworks record clients requesting patterns to help with anticipating their shopping practices. This is basic to NCF as it will have the option to get pertinent data about the market for examination and dynamic (Xu Quaddus, 2010). Thus, the organization will have the option to accomplish a progressively vital showcasing. Contrasted with BI framework, e-business framework is most favored on account of its productivity and capacity to address various issues under a solitary front. Business knowledge would be useful for preparing market data for arranging and choice advertising. Be that as it may, Business Intelligent frameworks depend on an assortment of data gathered from different sources which are costly to acquire (Marschan-Piekkari Welch, 2014). Besides, business wise frameworks are exclusively for data handling and examination regardless of different business forms like flexibly the executives. Along these lines it would not give a total answer for all difficulties confronting the organization. Then again, internet based life would be a proper hotspot for advertise data. The organization could likewise receive web-based social networking technique for advertising and client care. Be that as it may, it is restricted to data assortment work and would not address different issues, for example, creat ion control the executives. Steps for actualizing an e-business framework The initial step to actualizing the framework is gather data from the normal clients. For this situation, the NCF IT office would look for the assessment of their clients with respect to the framework to empower them to survey the entanglements and advantages of the framework. It would include creating surveys with exact data, for example, buy orders, directed exchange, and flexibly systems among others (Nahari Krutz, 2011). All things considered, they would ask their clients, for example, the organizations and people how they might want the flexibly framework to work. Besides, NCF may contact their flexibly accomplices, for example, the general stores on the fitting method to incorporate their frameworks for smooth tasks. They would likewise propose ways coordinating their frameworks with other e-business associations in the business to encourage data sharing. Practicality study In spite of the fact that e-business is organized for the organization's answer for their issues, it needs to play out a far reaching plausibility study to decide its propriety with respect to financial matters, activities, and specialized necessities. Initially, the upgraded IT division group will set up a rundown of prerequisites required. Second, they will recognize different suppliers for both equipment and programming required to actualize the framework. This will be trailed by a hierarchical attainability study to decide the significance of the framework to tending to the organization's issues. The group will at that point direct a financial plausibility study to decide if the normal expanded benefits cost investment funds, decreases, and expanded income will surpass the working and improvement cost. A specialized fe

Behavioral Theory Sensation, Perception, Consciousness, Motivation, Emotion, and Learning - Free Essay Example

Behavioral theory approach is based on the fact that behavior is learned from the past experiences. It also states that the same way a behavior can be learned it can also be unlearnt or reconditioned. This is a theory based on the fact that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. There are two superior types of conditioning which are classical and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning can be defined as an act of trying to modify behavior using either positive or negative reinforces (Atkinson, 1996).Classical conditioning entails associating two different stimuli with a response that has been learnt. Behavioral theory is applicable in our day to day life be it in our personal, professional, social life and community activities(Cherty, 1963). In the behavioral theory teachers use operant conditioning. This is where they reward students when they are correct and motivating them when they are wrong. Studentsare always motivated when they are rewarded for performing well. In this case, students tend to pass and will strive to do even better since they learned once they perform well they are rewarded. This is positive reinforcement (Fowles, 1987). Teachers tend to use negative reinforcement for example punishments, whipping students and suspensions to discourage indiscipline in classroom setups. In this case, students will avoid being indiscipline or breaking school rules, since they know once they break school rules they will be punished. With this, a school can maintain their students(Fowles, 1987). In our communities, classical conditioning has been used as a very successful way to modify undesirable behaviors, for example, substance abuse drinking and smoking(Rescorla, 1988). In this case, counselors or the society as a whole try to make the victims associate the undesirable behavior with unpleasant effects like causing accidents when you drive while you are drunk or even get diseases due to abuse of drugs. Classical condition is involved in the elimination and formation of ouremotion responses. A person elicits responses as a result of the stimuli in the environment around you. Classical conditioning helps us understand the many emotions we express (Rescorla, 1988). Classical conditioning can be used to reduce fear in people. This can be done by counterconditioning(Rescorla, 1988). In this case, you pair the stimuli that cause fear with stimuli that give positive emotions, for example, a person who is afraid of dogs and loves vanilla ice cream is shown the dog then given the ice cream he or she will associate the dog with a good feeling and hence reduce their fear of dogs. Parents can use operant conditioning in training their children on the basic skill they need to know for example washing hands, toilet training, teeth brushing and sharing. In this case, you will have to reward the child once you notice them doing the correct thing (Atkinson, 1996). The reward must be immediately, and the parent must be consistent in rewarding till they see the child has fully learned the desired behavior(Atkinson, 1996). In workplaces, the managers or bosses can use positive reinforcement in boosting the performance of workers. The manager could award the best employee or even promise salary increment on workers who reach targets in case of sales.This will motivate employees to even work harder(Cyert, 1963). In conclusion, the behavioral theory plays a significant role in the elimination and formation of a person behavior. Any behavior learned can also be unlearnt and even modified through the classical and operant conditioning.

Greek and Roman Concepts of Citizenship and Government

Greek and Roman Concepts of Citizenship and Government Joe Wickenden, Sarah Dowling, Ginger Snyder, Leone Hansen HIS/341 October 27, 2014 Joel Getz Greek and Roman Concepts of Citizenship and Government The definition of citizenship in Greek and Roman cultures can be described much differently than the current democratic definition of contemporary nations. The Roman Empire differed from the Athenian Amphictyony and the Assyrian Empire as well as the sunder later emperors such as Vespasian. There were also structural problems within the government of the Roman Empire. This paper will explore the models of government and citizenship that Ancient Roman and Greek peoples employed along with how well they worked. Citizenship in†¦show more content†¦(Ancient Civilizations, 2014). They were responsible for establishing the type of government called a republic. A republic is a type of government that expects an active role from every citizen, not just the politicians in power. Each citizen was responsible for electing representatives that would rule on their behalf. The citizens were the focus of the Roman Republic. The status of a citizen evolved dramatically throughout the Roman Republic. All males over 15 that were true descendants of the original tribe became citizens (Ancient Civilizations, 2014). Full citizens of Rome had many privileges such as voting, practicing commerce, holding public office, and marrying freeborn citizens to name a few. Some citizens that were not considered full citizens maintained some rights, but could not vote or hold office. A third type of citizen could not hold office or marry free born women but could practice commerce and vote. Citizensâ⠂¬â„¢ rights would change throughout the Roman republic, but the republic aspect did not change. An important aspect of the Roman Government was the Senate. The Senate was first set up as a group of 100, then later the Roman Kings expanded the group to 300 (Ancient Civilizations, 2014). 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Causes of Teenage Depression - 1538 Words

A famous author John Green said, â€Å"Whenever you read a cancer booklet or website or whatever they list depression among the side effects of cancer. But, in fact, depression is not a side effect of cancer. Depression is a side effect of death (â€Å"The Only Thing Worse†).† Occasional bad moods or acting out is to be expected, but depression is something different. Depression can destroy the very essence of a teenager’s personality, causing an overwhelming sense of sadness, despair, or anger (â€Å"A Guide for Parents†). The depression rate in the teen’s generation is rising every day. Teenage depression is not just bad moods and occasional melancholy; it’s a serious problem that impacts every aspect of a teen’s life (â€Å"A Guide for Parents†). To better†¦show more content†¦Though they may seem like fiercely independent, implying they want nothing to do or need from their parents, teenagers still have needs for at tention (â€Å"Common Causes of Teenage Depression†). If the teen does not get a lot of attention from their parent they may feel disowned or helpless because their parent does not show/give the love or the respected attention from the parent. Society judges the depressed teens, kids, and adults; the teens are told it is going to be alright everything is going to work out. When the teen thinks about those words, they wonder is it really ever going to get better. The teenagers’ just need someone to talk to and this generation does not know how to talk about their feelings anymore they are expressing it on social media. The social rejection can lead to a problem with drug use and bullying in adolescence contributes to the development of depression (Aguirre 77). Knowing that the teen is going to be distressed on a personal level by things they have no control over and that can easily throw the teen into the downward abyss spiral of depression (â€Å"Common Causes of Teen age Depression†). 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Design Of An Aquatic Centre Construction Essay Example For Students

Design Of An Aquatic Centre Construction Essay This undertaking study aims at the design and building of an aquatic Centre at Vellore Institute of Technology ( VIT ) in India. The completion clip of the undertaking is expected to be around March 20th, 2011.The four stages of Project Management Body of Knowledge ( PMBOK ) are used in the building and planning of undertaking. Besides the different countries of PMBOK such as range, clip, cost, quality, hazard, procurance, human resource, communicating and integrating are applied for transporting out the different stages of undertaking. Undertaking Description The mark of the undertaking is to construct an aquatic Centre for swimming, diversion and amusement activities dwelling of a 50 meter Olympic sized swimming pool and an bordering smaller pool for aqua aerobic exercises, plunging, H2O Polo and canoe Polo activities. Undertaking Name The undertaking name is assigned as VIT Aquatic Centre . Undertaking Location The location of the undertaking is designated at Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Undertaking proprietor and patron The Aquatic Centre is under the ownership of VIT University, Vellore, who besides acts as the undertaking sponsor chiefly for the coordination between the undertaking squad and the proprietor. The undertaking is financially powered by ICICI Bank and HSBC Bank in India along with the Reliance group. Undertaking Manager Bianca Baby, Sajeev Philips Abraham and Chen are chosen as the undertaking directors officially by the VIT University whose chief undertaking is to guarantee undertaking completion on clip within the restraints and restrictions of undertaking. Undertaking Vision Concluding end of the undertaking is to construct a modern aquatic Centre appropriate for swimming, diversion and amusement activities to the members of VIT University. The Phase of Project The undertaking is calculated to get down at the starting of 2nd semester of 2010 and the undertaking continuance is estimated to be about one twelvemonth. By the beginning of 2011 June the aquatic Centre is expected to be unfastened to the members of VIT University. The undertaking will be carried during the vacations other than the public vacations. After the undertaking completion an review by the University s schoolmaster is organized which is expected to take about 5 yearss. Before the gap a general cleansing of the premises will be ensured. Outline1 Users and stakeholders:2 9.1. Purpose of the undertaking3 9.2. Context of the undertaking4 9.3. Background of the undertaking5 9.4. Implementation construct of the undertaking6 9.5. Technology7 9.6. Undertaking Scope8 13. The value proposition for patron9 14. Constraints and Premises10 14.1 Constraints11 14.2 Premises12 15. How stages can ease bringing of future stages13 20. Cost Management:14 20.1 Cost Budget Estimation15 20.2 Cost Control Users and stakeholders: User Students, instructors and staffs of VIT University Contractor Hindustan Construction Company Saf Engineers, India Suppliers Ultra Hygienic Pvt. Ltd. Crystal Pools Pune, India Akon Electronics India Pvt Ltd Kirloskar Electric Owner VIT University 9.1. Purpose of the undertaking The chief aim of the undertaking is to build an aquatic Centre where the pupils and staff of VIT University can pattern assorted swimming, amusement and recreational activities. The aquatic Centre is aimed to hold a larger swimming pool adjoined by a smaller pool which is planned to be constructed in the Olympic size theoretical account with all the most modern techniques. 9.2. Context of the undertaking The chief intent of building the aquatic Centre is to advance H2O games at the VIT University. 9.3. Background of the undertaking As the involvement on H2O games has increased in the recent times, VIT University aims at giving particular preparation and most modern aquatic Centre installations to the pupils interested in this country with the execution of this aquatic Centre. Besides, aquatic Centre is viewed as an effectual method for disbursement leisure clip for pupils and staffs of VIT University. The university which has a long tally even though has a liquid pool does nt include modern techniques for pupils to pattern the H2O sports.Also, the old swimming pool is really little and frequently finds hard to suit a big figure. Othello (2470 words) EssayTable: 3 Internal Cost Estimation Component Number of people working Pay rate per hr Hours worked Entire Cost ( AUS $ ) Floor Tiling 50 30 4000 950,000,000 Grapevines N/A N/A N/A 80,000,000 Dressing Suites N/A N/A N/A 4,000,000 Plumbers and Electricians 50 30 2000 3,000,000 Bet oning Area N/A N/A N/A 80,000,000 Seating Agreements N/A N/A N/A 10,000,000 Heating and Cooling N/A N/A N/A 20,000,000 Lighting N/A N/A N/A 40,000,000 Supervisors 20 20 2000 800,000 Directors 20 30 2000 1,200,000 Sub-staffs 50 10 2000 1,000,000 Sub-Total 1,190,000,000 Table: 3 External Cost Estimation Component Number of people working Pay rate per hr Hours worked Entire Cost ( AUS $ ) Measurement of aquatic Centre business country 40 20 2500 2,000,000 Transportation system and Emergency N/A 100 2000 200,000 Security steps 4 20 2500 200,000 Cleaning, healthful and waste disposal 10 10 2000 200,000 Planing and having layout 12 20 200 5,000 Standardization of installations 14 10 300 3,000 Equipments installing and testing 10 10 200 5000 Inspection 20 10 300 4000 Fundamental Civil Construction of aquatic Centre 15 10 200 5,000 Parking Space N/A N/A N/A 2,000,000 Sub Total 4,600,000 20.2 Cost Control A set of mention baselines is established by the undertaking director before get downing the undertaking. In the ulterior phases as the work progresses, the work is monitored and findings are analysed. The terminal consequences are tried to be forecasted and a comparing with the mention baseline is done. On analyzing if the terminal consequences are non found to be satisfactory, accommodations are made by the cost control squad during the work advancement, thereby reiterating the rhythm at required intervals. If end consequences are wholly different from the baseline thought or program, program is subjected to alter by the patrons. Largely, mention baselines are subjected to alterations and whenever this happens a alteration in baseline program is occurred. In practical facets cost control of undertaking is a small hard which is clearly evidenced by the failure of many undertakings to overlook the costs. Preparation of cost control involves a batch of work and this should be good started at the beginning of the undertaking. Therefore undertaking director must be able to keep the yarn of undertaking cost control during the full undertaking span. It is duty of the undertaking director to maintain records of major paperss including Business Case, Capital Request Approvisation, Work Packages, and Work Breakdown Structure, Project charter, Project Budget and Cost Baseline constructions. All these actions indirectly contribute in efficaciously commanding the undertaking cost to the mention baseline approximated.

The Victims Of Rape Essays - Rape, Laws Regarding Rape,

The Victims Of Rape The Victims of Rape Rape is a crime that not only takes hurts someone for the moment, but it shatters their entire life. Most women never fully recover from being a victim of rape. There are all different types of women who are raped each day, yet there tends to be a specific profile for the most frequent rape victims. There are many factors that come into play when dealing with rape, such as: the victim-offender relationship, alcohol consumption, and a prior record. Also there are many myths about the rape victim. Rape is an extremely sensitive issue for women, victims and non-victims alike. The Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey indicate that Black and Hispanic women are at a higher risk for being a victim of rape than White women. Women from ages 20-24 are the most likely to experience rape crime. Women with less education and lower income are also at a higher risk of becoming a victim of rape. Those women that are in the lowest family income category experience the highest rate of rape. Also the women who reside in the city are twice vulnerable to rapes than that of women who live in suburban or rural areas. Finally, unmarried women tend to be victimized more than married women. Thus, the model rape victim would be a black, unmarried female with little to no education, ranging from ages 20- 24, who lives in a central city, obtaining a low income. Fifty-five percent of women are victimized by someone whom they know; the remaining are raped by a stranger according to The National Crime Victimization Survey Report. A stranger injures sixty percent of women in some way during a rape. Regardless of the relationship between the victim and offender, most women report their victimization. More females who know their offender do not report the rape, than those whose offenders are strangers. Women are more likely to report a rape victimization if she sustained a serious injury, she required any type of immediate medical attention, or if the offender used a weapon in the crime. Bachman's study confirmed the findings of the NCVS report. In analyzing the relationship between the rape victim reporting the crime and their social/economic status, found that victims of a lower social/economic status report the rape more frequently than those of a high status. Amir's study of forcible rapes concluded that the presence of alcohol in the victim only occurred in ten percent of the victimizations. Richardson and Campbell found that the victim was considered to be more responsible for the rape when she was drunk. The victim was liked less and perceived to be more immoral and aggressive when she was under the influence of alcohol. However, Norris and Cubbins suggested that the man was attributed a higher degree of responsibility than the women, when both had consumed alcohol. In a series of interviews of rape victims conducted by Diana Russell, the majority of women expressed surprise that they were rape victims. They also had two widely held myths about rape: first, that it is very difficult, if even possible, for a woman to be raped; and second, that the rapist would be a stranger to them, not a friend. One woman stated that she did not refuse a date with a man, who eventually raped her, from her English class because she though it would have been rude. Another women did not report her rape because she believed that people would think that the rape could not of happened to a woman who did not want it or allow it to happen. All the women interviewed discussed common culturally held myths about rape: if they had been a ?good? girl it would not of happened, it was their fault because they should not of worn the outfit they were wearing, they should not of gone out with the guy, or that they did not fight back hard enough. Hursch's review of the results of the 1973 Denver study, discussing attitudes towards rape are not surprising. Some of the myths analyzed are: ?Most ?rapes' are false accusations filed by women who are trying to get even with some man.? ?Rape is a

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Childrearing Among the Lower Classes of Late Medieval England essays Barbara Hanawalt's, Childrearing Among the Lower Classes of Late Medieval England, examines the practices and pitfalls of parental dynamics during the late 13th and early 14th century in English villages such as Bedfordshire and Oxford, as well as the comparably larger city of London. Focusing on children's ages from the time of birth till their twelfth birthday, Hanawalt bases her research on coroner's inquests of the time to garner statistics from which she extrapolates evidence to support her conclusions. The coroner's inquests from this time period were required by law, and detailed in regards to the cause of death, the members of the household, and their activities at the time, their residences, and their occupations. Through these detailed transcripts, Hanawalt attempts to create a vignette of peasant life, and therefore the circumstances in which children were raised to the age of twelve, at which point they were considered adults by society during that time. Hanawalt's motivation for conducting her social type of historical research is based upon dispelling earlier research by Philippe Aries, in his book Centuries of Childhood. Aries's book contends that contemporary sentimental notions of childrearing developed during this time "in response to the loss of other familial functions to the centralized state and the exigencies of industrialization" (pg. 23), and that this could outweigh familial bonds. Hanawalt counters these assertions by methodically introducing her own conclusions based upon statistical data as well as detailed circumstances in relation to them. Furthermore, she begins by pointing out that Aries garners his research and conclusions from the upper class, while ignoring the peasant majority. Also, she points out that Aries' research is incomplete due to it starting with children aged seven, and ignoring ages from infancy till six. Due to the peasant majo...

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Sport Scale Essay Example for Free

Sport Scale Essay ABSTRACT The primary purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess sport fan motivation. Also, the new measure was employed to examine the relationship between sport fan motivation and ethnic identity. One hundred sixty nine college students from two southeastern institutions participated in this study. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Bivariate correlation, t test, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics. The Fan Motivation Scale (FMS), developed in this study, consisted of six components with 22 items. The number of items under every component range from 5 to 2 items (quality of the game 4 items, escape 5 items, boredom avoidance 5 items, social 3 items, entertainment 3 items, and sport atmosphere 2 items). In addition, two hypotheses were tested in the current study. The first hypothesis was that ethnic identity is positively related to sport fan motivation. The second hypothesis assumed that there was a difference between African Americans and European Americans in their ethnic identity. The results revealed the FMS is a reliable measure with an overall alpha score of 0.90. Significant differences were found between participants in the total FMS and some of the subscales based on gender and ethnicity. However, the outcomes of the samples examined in this study do not support the first hypothesis. Therefore, no significant relationship was found between sport fan motivation and ethnic identity. Regarding the second hypothesis, a significant difference was found between African Americans and European Americans in their ethnic identity. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Sports have become an increasingly important part of our society. Sports fans represent a significant percentage of sport consumers, because 70 percent or more of Americans watch, read, or discuss sports at least once a day (Iso-Ahola Hatfield, 1986). From 1985 to 1998, attendance has significantly increased at the four major sports in the United States. Major League Baseball (MLB) had the largest increase in the number of people attending games (24. 2 million, a 50% increase), followed by professional basketball (10. 3 million, a 89% increase), professional football (5.7 million, a 40% increase), and professional hockey (5. 6 million, a 49% increase). The number of people attending college sporting events has also increased during this time period (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). Additionally, more television programming time is being devoted to sporting events. The ESPN was the fifth highest ranked television network in 2000, in terms of revenue, it was estimated to be $2. 1 billion (McAvoy, 2000). With the increase of interest in sports has become an increased interest of sports fans as consumers. Sport teams and companies are very interested in attracting as many consumers as possible to purchase game tickets or products. Therefore, sport marketers should acknowledge the factors that drive fans to follow sport by attending, watching on television, or purchasing products. However, understanding the notion of sports fans is not simple because their attitudes and behaviors are not determined by a single motive or factor but rather occur for a variety of reasons (Mashiach, 1980). Statement of the Problem There has been a growing interest in the study of sport fan motivations in recent years to better understand fan behaviors (Bilyeu Wann, 2002; Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001; Funk, Mahony Ridinger, 2002; Funk, Ridinger, Moorman, 2003; Gantz, 1981; Kahle, Kambara, Rose, 1996; Lee, 2002; Mahony, Nakazawa, Funk, James, Gladden, 2002; Pease Zhang, 2001; Trail James, 2001; Wann, 1995; Wann, Bilyeu, Brennan, Osborn Gambouras, 1999; Wann, Brewer, 1 Royalty, 1999; Wann, Schrader Wilson, 1999). Some of these studies have introduced measures of different consumption motives of sport fans. In addition, researchers have examined the relationship between fan motivation and other variables such as team identification, involvement, gender, and race. The measures used in previous studies to assess fan motivations vary in length and number of components. However, some of the components are used in all or most scales such as the entertainment component, the family component, and the friends component. They also share very similar items with regard to similar components. Items used in most previous scales often begin with the words â€Å"I like†, â€Å"I enjoy†, or â€Å"I feel† which raises a validity issue for the measures because the aforementioned words represent satisfaction and attitude rather than motivation. Fan satisfaction relates to the happiness and pleasure associated with the outcome of a sporting event while fan attitude represents the opinion and feelings an individual has about a sport team or sporting event. On the other hand, sport fan motivation refers to the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, buy team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. The Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess sport fan motives. Also, the new measure was utilized to examine the relationship between fan motivation and ethnic identity. The Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study includes the discussion of two concepts. First, the Fan Motivation Scale and its content will be introduced. Second, the notion of ethnic identity and why it should be correlated with sport fan motivation will be presented. The prior research (Wann, 1995; Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001; Bilyeu Wann, 2002) identified various motives that could drive fans to attend sporting events. Some of these motives are related to personal needs (entertainment and financial 2 gain), social needs (bonding with family and group affiliation), and psychological needs (self-esteem and achievement). In attempt to measure the motives of sport fans, the researchers introduced different scales. These scales comprised different number of motives ranging from 7 motives with 16 items to 18 motives with 54 items. The length of some of the scales was not the only problem. The major concern for previous scales is in the content validity, the extent to which items used in the scale accurately represent fan motives. In fact, all previous scales included items that are more related to attitude and satisfaction then motivation. The reason for this problem is the lack of clear definition of sport fan motivation. The current study is going to view sport fan motivation as the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, purchase team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. In addition, this study will employ a review of related literature and the prior effort made on fan motivation scales to develop valid and reliable measures of sport fan motivation. The proposed Fan Motivation Scale (FMS) will measure six motives: social, entertainment, escape, aesthetic, psychological, and amotivation. The social motive assesses the extent to which individuals participate in sporting events as spectators because they desire to spend time with their families (Gantz, 1981; Wann, 1995). Also, to some individuals, group affiliation is an important motivation of being a sport fan. Sport spectating provides a fan with opportunities to share time with others who enjoy the same activities. A fan may want to keep contact with a group of fans and seek refuge from a feeling of alienation (Branscombe Wann, 1991; Smith, 1988; Wann, 1995). The entertainment motive includes items that represent the desire of some individuals to have a good time and enjoy the excitement associated with sporting events. Some fans might enjoy a sport because of its entertainment value. Sport spectating provides fans with leisure pastime activities similar to watching movies or television. One advantage of sport spectating is that few special skills, if any, are required (Zillmann, Bryant Sapolsky, 1989; Wann, 1995). The escape motive of sport fans assesses the desire of sport fans to escape or diverge from their everyday lives. Attending a sporting event gives many people an 3 opportunity to temporarily forget about their troubling, dissatisfying, or boring lives (Smith, 1988; Lever Wheeler, 1984; Wann, Schrader Wilson, 1999). The aesthetic motive of sport fans appeals to those that are motivated by the aesthetic value of the sport. Some fans enjoy sports because of the competition between highly skilled athletes. The beauty, grace, and other artistic characteristics make some people enjoy sporting events (Milne McDonald, 1999; Wann, 1995). The psychological motive is a factor that motivates sports fans and gives them a feeling of accomplishment and achievement when the fans’ favorite team or player is successful. Sports fans tend to associate themselves with a successful team or player in order to create and sustain a positive self-concept (Branscombe Wann, 1991; Milne McDonald, 1999; Sloan, 1989). Amotivation refers to the state of lacking an intention to act. When amotivated, individual’s action lacks intentionality and a sense of personal causation (Ryan Deci, 2000). Amotivation results from not valuing an activity (Ryan, 1995), not feeling competent to do it (Deci, 1975), or not believing it will yield a desired outcome (Seligman, 1975). Some individuals might go to sport events and watch sport games because they have nothing else to do, bored, and want to kill time. These types of reasons had been neglected in previous studies of sport fan motivation. As mentioned earlier, prior research has examined the relationship between fan motivations and other variables such as sport involvement, team identification, and some demographic factors of selected sport fans. However, the ethnic identity of sport fans has been ignored in the literature. It might be assumed by some researchers that the race factor is enough representation of an individual’s ethnic background. It is, however, only part of the concept. Ethnic identity is defined as â€Å"a process of coming to terms with one’s ethnic-racial membership group as a salient reference group† (Smith, 1991, p. 182). Smith (1991) defined an ethnic group as â€Å"a reference group called upon by people who share a common history and culture† (p. 181). According to Gordon (1985), culture influences our social standards, values, cognitions, social perceptions, attributions, feelings, and sources of motivation. Individuals develop their ethnic identity through their social interaction with others. Through their interactions they begin to view themselves as others view them 4 (Stryker, 1980). Ethnic identity is viewed as part of social identity and it was defined by Tajfel (1981) as â€Å"that part of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership of a social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership† (p.255). An ethnic group is composed of a number of individuals who share a sense of group identity based on their unique culture, which include values, morals, and various customs, as well as shared origins. In the larger society, ethnic groups tend to maintain a sense of peoplehood (Dublin, 1996; Kornblum Janowitz, 1974; Portes, 1996). Forty years ago, Tumin (1964) defined an ethnic group as â€Å"a social group which, within a large cultural and social system, claims or is accorded special status in terms of complexity of traits which it exhibits or is believed to exhibit† (p.123). Distinguishing between ethnic groups is not always simple. Some ethnic minorities, such as African Americans, may have obvious physical differences that set them apart from other ethnic groups within the United States, but many biracial individuals present an ambiguity because they belong to two or more ethnic groups, which makes ethnicity a subjective construct (Root, 1992). Studying ethnic identity is very important because it is the foundation for what an individual believes about himself or herself. Given the significance of ethnic identity, many researchers have been studying this construct. Phinney (1990) reviewed 70 studies of ethnic identity published between 1972 and 1990. She found that most of the studies have used one of three theoretical frameworks to examine ethnic identity. The first framework is the social identity theory which ethnic identity is considered a component of social identity. Social theory refers to the need for an individual to be a member of a group that provides him or her with a sense of belonging that contributes to a positive self-concept. The second framework is the acculturation prospective. The concept of acculturation refers to changes in the cultural attitudes, value, and behaviors that result from interactions between two distinct cultures (Berry, Trimble, Olmedo, 1986). These kinds of changes are normally the concern of a group of individuals, and how it relates to the dominant or host society. Ethnic identity can be an aspect of acculturation in which the focus is on the individuals and how they relate to their own group as a subgroup of the larger society (Phinney, 1990). The third framework is developmental framework, where ethnic identity is viewed as a process by which people construct their ethnicity. 5 Erikson (1968) indicated that identity is the outcome of a period of exploration and experimentation that normally takes place during adolescence and leads to a decision of commitment in various areas, such as occupation, and religion. This view of ethnic identity suggests age as a factor is strongly related to developing one’s ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). Phinney (1990) mentioned that most studies have focused on certain components of ethnic identity. These components include self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to the group, attitudes about one’s group membership, and ethnic involvement (social participation, cultural practices and attitudes). Self-identification represents the ethnic label that one uses for oneself. The ability of children to label themselves with the right ethnic group was the addressed in a study by Aboud (187). Another issue was the relationship between incorrect labeling and poor self-concept (Cross, 1978). Adults are expected to know their ethnicity but the issue is what label one chooses to use for himself or herself. However, some ethnic groups have a little choice in what ethnic title they can use for themselves often because of their distinctive skin color or culture (language, dresses, customs, etc. ) which distinguishes them from other groups. Additionally, some individuals have two or more ethnic backgrounds and they identify themselves as members of more than one group. Ethnic self-identification is an important but complex component of ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). The feeling of belonging to one’s own group is an important element of ethnic identity. Some researchers have tried to assess the sense of belonging by either asking people how strong was their relationship with their groups or how separate they feel from other groups (Driedger, 1976). Members of every ethnic group can have positive or negative attitudes toward their own group. Some of the positive attitudes related were pride in and pleasure, satisfaction, and contentment with one’s group (Phinney, 1990). Negative attitudes include dissatisfaction, displeasure, discontentment, and a desire to hide ones identity (Driedger, 1976). People who display no positive attitudes or express negative attitudes can be seen as denying their ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). In addition, the involvement in the social life and cultural practices of one’s ethnic group is considered a strong indicator of one’s ethnic identity. The social and cultural practices 6 that represent the involvement component include language, friendship, social organizations, religion, cultural traditions, and politics (Phinney, 1990). Phinney (1992) developed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) with the purpose of assessing ethnic identity among various ethnic groups. The scale was designed to measure three components of ethnic identity: affirmation and belonging, ethnic identity achievement, and ethnic behaviors. Roberts, Phinney, Masse, Chen, Roberts, and Romero (1999) examined the validity of the MEIM and conducted factor analysis with a large sample. The outcomes suggest that the scale measures two components of ethnic identity: ethnic identity search and affirmation, belonging, and commitment. Ethnic identity search refers to a developmental and cognitive component. Affirmation, belonging, and commitment represent the affective component. However, the scale has been proven to be a valid and reliable measurement and it will be used in the context of this study. More discussion of the scale is provided in the method section. Researchers have indicated that positive relationships do exist between ethnic identity and self-esteem, self-concept, psychological well-being, achievement, and satisfaction (Phinney, 1992; Roberts et al. , 1999; Delworth, 1989). However, it is the purpose of this study to examine the relationship between ethnic identity and motivations of sport fans. According to Phinney (1990) some studies have used sport as a cultural item to measure ethnic identity. Pons, Laroche, Nyeck, and Perreault (2001) indicated that the choice of a particular sporting event represents a strong cultural meaning for the individual. Some ethnic groups tend to identify with a specific sport, for example, soccer in the Italian community and hockey among the French Canadian. Pons et al. , (2001) stated â€Å"ethnic groups do not all react to sporting events in the same way; they differ in the means and the pace of their integration into the host culture† (p.238). African American consumers tend to attend historically Black college/university sports more frequently than they did any other sport. The level of ethnic identification of African American fans has significant affect on their attendance frequency to historically Black college/university sports (Armstrong, 2002). Moreover, previous studies showed differences in motivation between African American and European American sport fans based on ethnicity (Wann, Bilyeu, Brennan, Osborn, Gambouras, 1999; Bilyeu Wann, 2002; Armstrong, 2002). 7Ã'Ž Therefore, it is expected that there is a relationship between sport fans’ motivation and ethnic identity. Research Hypotheses H1: Ethnic identity is positively related to sport fan motivations. H2: There is a difference between African American and European American in their ethnic identity. Operational Definitions Ethnic Identity: â€Å"part of an individual’s self-concept that derives from his or her knowledge of membership in a social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership† (Phinney, 1992, p.156). Sport fan: refers to someone who is enthusiastic about a particular sport team or athlete (Wann, 1995). Sport fan motivation: refers to the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, buy team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. Delimitations This study is delimitated to: 1. Investigate the ethnic identity and motivations of sport fans in general. For that reason, no specific group of fans (i. e. , basketball fans, football fans) was examined. 2. The student at Florida State University (FSU) and Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University (FAMU), therefore, the findings cannot be generalized to populations other than the population from which the sample was drawn. 8 Limitations This study is limited to the following: 1. The outcome of this study depends on the participants’ honesty and cooperation in answering the questions. 2. Due to the nature of this study as self-administrated surveys, the researcher’s access is limited to the classes gained via permission to attend and meet. Assumptions This study is based on the following assumptions: 1. The surveys used in this study are clear and understandable for the participants. 2. The participants will answer the questions honestly and accurately. 3. The surveys are valid and reliable. Significance of the Study The sport marketers are in a high competition within the sport industry and also with outside competitors. Young generations are attracted through technology to new types of entertainment such as computer/video games and the X-Games. â€Å"These new entertainment options have already attracted a significant amount of attention from the so -called X-generation† (Kwon Trail, 2003, p. 1). Therefore, sport marketers should be concern about the future of the sport industry. In order for sport marketers to maintain their consumer base and to attract young generation, they should explore and examine the consuming behavior of sport fans and the factors that might influence their behavior. According to Gramann and Allison (1999), â€Å"the increase in the ethnic diversity of North America is one of the most powerful demographic forces shaping U. S. and Canadian society† (p. 283). Therefore, studying ethnic identity as an important social characteristic of sport fans is important to sport marketers. The importance of studying ethnic groups among sport fans is reflected by the increasing percentage of minority participation in professional sport, especially African American. African American athletes represent 25 to 75 percent of athletes on the rosters for the three popular sports (baseball, basketball, football) (Gano-Overway Duda, 2001). 9 The goal of this study was to introduce a new measure of fan motivation which will assist practitioners in the sport industry to understanding the driving factors for sport fans to attend sporting events, support sport teams, or buy team/sport related products. Also, the relationship between motivations and ethnic identity of sport fans was examined. The outcome of the study should provide practitioners with valuable information to assist them in understanding the various motives of sport fans based on their ethnic identity. Therefore, sport marketers should be able to improve their plans and strategies to maintain their fan base and fulfill the desires for their target market. 10 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on ethnic identity and motivation of sport fans. It should be noted that to date, no research has combined and analyzed the interaction of the two identified variables. As such, the first section of this chapter focuses on the research that has been done on the ethnic identity of sport fans. The second section discusses motives of sport fans as well as scales that have been used to assess these motives. Ethnic Identity and Sport Fans Ethnicity as social and cultural characteristic of sport fans has been ignored in the literature although the race factor, which is the physical aspect of ethnicity, has been utilized for comparison between ethnic groups. However, Armstrong (2002) examined the influence of ethnic identification on Black consumers’ attendance at historically Black college/university (HBCU) sports. To assess ethnic identification, Armstrong used a self-report measure in which participants were asked to identify their ethnic group based on ethnic categories (Black/African American, Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian, and â€Å"other†) and to rate the intensity of their identification with their ethnic group on a scale from 1 (weak) to 5 (very strong). The hypothesis was that the identification of Black consumers with their ethnic group would have a significant influence on their attendance frequency at HBCU sport events. The findings offered support for the hypothesis indicating a positive relationship between ethnic identification and attendance frequency. In another study, Armstrong (2000) examined the influence of ethnic identification on African American students’ processing of persuasive sport communications (i. e. , advertisement, promotional messages, developmental campaigns, and announcements). The ethnic identification of the respondents was measured using a 13-item scale developed by Whittler, Calatone, and Young (1991). The scale assesses two major factors of ethnic identification (cross-race attraction and political and social 11 relations among Blacks). The outcome of the study revealed that ethnic identification has an effect on participants’ reaction to racial heuristics in the communication. African American consumers are more likely to have a positive reaction to a persuasive communication if the message were culturally relevant and delivered by a Black spokesperson. Pons et al. (2001) looked at the impact ethnic identity could have on the consumption behavior and orientation of sport consumers. They measured language (3 items), religion (3 items), and social participation with one’s own ethnic group (6 items) as three dimensions of ethnic identity. The orientation of sport consumers has three dimensions. The first dimension refers to sporting events as a provider of sensations in which consumers have an emotional attachment to the event or the product. The second dimension represents individuals’ need to understand the sporting event, which lead to better appreciation for the event. The third dimension of orientation toward sporting event refers to the socialization opportunities presented for sport consumers. The consumption behaviors include purchase of sporting good, tickets, and time devoted to sporting events. The results offered support for the idea that ethnic identity has a positive impact on the consumption and orientation of sport consumers. In regard to the race of sport consumers as part of their ethnicity, researchers have found a difference between Blacks and Whites concerning their sport involvement (Spreitzer Snyder, 1990). Sport involvement included seven dimensions â€Å"watching sports on television, listening to sport on the radio, reading the sport pages of the newspaper, watching/listening to sports news on radio/television, reading sports books, reading sports magazines, and talking about sports with friends† (Spreitzer Snyder, 1990, p. 51). The findings revealed significant effect of race on sport involvement regardless of respondents’ social background characteristics (i. e. , age, sex, education, income, town size). Blacks tend to be more involved in sport than Whites. The authors argued that the findings reflect a distinctive subculture within the black community. Rudman (1986) examined the relationship between race, social structure, and sport orientations. The main goal of the study was to see whether factors that affect sport orientations are race-dependant. The results showed Blacks to be more likely than Whites to become vicariously involved in sport outcomes and to incorporate sport into their daily 12 lives. Based on the overall analyses, the author argued that social and economic conditions provide a better explanation of differences in sport orientations. He used the term â€Å"culture of poverty† to indicate that socioeconomic positions are more likely to make boor blacks and boor whites see sport as an opportunity to enhance social prestige and economic position. At the college level, Armstrong (2001) examined ethnic minority students’ consumption of college sport events. The ethnic minorities included African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and â€Å"Others†. She looked at the degree of ethnic minority students’ interest in sport spectating, the frequency in which they attend university sponsored sport events, and the factors that influence their decision to attend campus sport events. Eight factors were tested to see their influence on the students’ attendance. The factors are the price of the tickets, academic commitment, significant others, friends, watching the event on television, the option to spend money on other things, not knowing when tickets are available, the quality of the opponent. The factors identified had no significant influence on students’ attendance. The findings indicate that ethnic minority students generally had a favorable attitude towards sport spectating. However, about 44% of the student stated that they never attend a campus sport event, 41% stated that they seldom attended, and 15% have attended often. The author contended that minority students had a favorable attitude toward sport spectating but they never or seldom attend sport events on campus because they view these events as directed to a specific group (i.e. , dominant ethnic group). For minority students to be motivated to attend, the sport event has to be socially and culturally relevant to the students’ ethnic background. In professional sport, Zhang, Pease, Hui, Michaud (1995) and Zhang, Pease, Smith, Lee, Lam, Jambor (1997) indicated that factors such as game promotions, amenities, and schedule convenience influenced ethnic minorities’ attendance differently and more significantly than they did Whites’. Therefore, sport marketers should emphasize the sociocultural factors (i. e., offering different ethnic foods at the concession stands, playing different ethnic music, making announcement in different languages) in promoting sport consumption of ethnic minority consumers (Armstrong, 2001; Hofacre Burman, 1992; McCarthy Stillman, 1998). 13 In a direct connection to the current investigation, previous studies have found differences on the motivations of sport fans based on ethnicity. Wann, Bilyeu, Brennan, Osborn, Gambouras (1999) investigated the relationship between sport fans’ motivation and race. A sample of 65 Euro-Americans and 32 African Americans completed the Sport Fan Motivation Scale (SFMS). The SFMS, developed by Wann (1995), includes eight motivational factors (eustress, self-esteem benefit, diversion from everyday life, entertainment value, economic value, aesthetic value, need for affiliation, and family needs). The findings indicated that Euro-Americans reported higher motivation than African Americans. The authors argued that certain motives might be applicable to only a subset of races. In a recent study, Bilyeu and Wann (2002) examined the racial differences in sport fan motivation between African Americans and European Americans. First, 50 African American participants completed a demographic questionnaire and an interview with the researcher to discuss their motives for being a sport fan. Second, the motives discovered from the interviews were sent to African American psychologists and sociologists for validation. Third, the new motives were added to the SFMS, then the African American and European American participants were asked to complete the SFMS. The findings suggested that three new factors be added to the SFMS: â€Å"representation (e. g. , people of the same background), similarity (e. g., people they have things in common with), and support/perceived greater equality (e. g. , people they want to succeed)† (Bilyeu Wann, 2002, p. 93). Armstrong (2002) indicated that previous investigations of motivation for sport consumption were not applicable to Black consumers because the samples used in these investigations were predominantly White. Therefore, she added a cultural affiliation motive to the SFMS, developed by Wann (1995), and administered it to a sample of only Black consumers of sport. The findings supported the hypotheses that cultural affiliation is a viable motive for Black’s sport consumption. In addition, the factor structure of the SFMS with the inclusion of the cultural affiliation motive differed from previous studies (Wann, 1995; Wann, Schrader, Wilson, 1999). Therefore, the Black Consumer’ Sport Motivation Scale (BCSMS) was introduced including the following factors: eustress, group recreation, aesthetics, cultural affiliation, group entertainment, escape, and 14 personal (economic/psychological) investment. At the conclusion of the study, the author stated, â€Å"behaviors and motives related to sport consumption may also be influenced by the social and psychological manifestations of culture† (Armstrong, 2002, p.329). In summary, although research on ethnic identity for sport fans is very limited, a strong relationship was found between sport consumers’ ethnic identity and sport consumption and orientation. Also, the differences found on the motivations for sport fans based on ethnicity, should indicate a strong relationship between sport fans’ motivation and ethnic identity. However, it is the goal of this investigation to examine this relationship.

Review Of Wwf Wrestling :: essays research papers

WWF: A Review of Professional Wrestling  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bang! Fireworks as if it were the fourth of July. Thousands of people in an arena and billions watching around the world anxiously awaiting the arrival of their favorite superstar. Suddenly the crowd erupts as a man comes strutting down to the squared circle. Accompanied by a beautiful busty young woman, the wrestler is cheered by his loyal fans and booed by his enemies. Soon , another man enters the stadium the same way as the first man. The two men stip into the ring with a certain sense of cockiness about themselves. Before the referee can even tell everyone that the match has started, the two men are already battling in the “squared circle';. During the fight there are many suspenseful moments. Brutally beating each other for five minutes the match is finally over with some bloodshed. Today people are taking wwf professional wrestling to the extreme. WWF wrestling is one of the most watched shows on television today. WWF stands for the World Wrestling Federation. Wrestling starte d sometime it the mid to late sixties and has changed dramatically over the years. When wrestling first came to be the wrestlers weren’t like they were today. Back in the olden days of WWF wrestling, the storyline of wrestling wasn’t as vulgar, and the industry was not as wide spread throughout the world. Today the whole industry of the WWF is benefitting from merchandise being sold all over the globe. Even though many people may consider wrestling to be fake, know that some aspects are very real. There have been some instances where people have gotten hurt and even died from a stunt gone bad. There was an instance about half a year ago when a professional wrestler named Owen Hart was repelling from the rafters on a cable and the piece that was attached to his harness snapped and he plummeted 40 feet broke his neck and died. This was a tragic loss to every wrestler and to the whole WWF world. If this isn’t real you wouldn’t know what was. Another example of r eality is when Stone Cold Steve Austin was being suplexed (a professional wrestling move when your opponent lifts you in the air and slams you into the mat), his opponent landed Austin wrong on the mat. This resulted in a career ending surgery for Steve Austin. One thing that wrestling has done over the past couple of years is raised media uproar pertaining to violence at home between children.

Geopolitics in Asia Essay

The study of the relationship among politics and geography, demography, and economics especially with respect to the foreign policy of a nation. The study of geographic influences on power relationships in international politics. Geopolitical theorists have sought to demonstrate the importance in the determination of foreign policies of considerations such as the acquisition of natural boundaries, access to important sea routes, and the control of strategically important land areas. The term was first employed in the early 20th century by the Swedish political scientist Rudolph Kjellen (1864 – 1922). Geopolitical factors have become less significant in the foreign policies of states because of improvements in communications and transportation. Geopolitics in Asia: Russia, India and Pakistan-China Cooperation With Russian President Vladimir Putin planning to visit Pakistan, some of my Indian friendsjournalists believe that the proposed trip is a kind of punishment for India because of Delhi’s ‘proAmerican’ foreign policy. I think that such a simplistic explanation underestimates the complexity of the situation in the southern part of central Eurasia, which will experience new changes after foreign troops withdraw from Afghanistan. And then a new geopolitical equation will emerge, where Pakistan and its geopolitical alliance with China will surely be the central element due to historical reasons and geographical circumstances. In 1950, Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize the People’s Republic of China, while in the 1960s to early 1970s it remained Beijing’s most steadfast ally during a period of a relative international isolation of the latter. China appreciates this support by providing Pakistan with both military, and technical and economic assistance, including the transfer of nuclear technology. Some experts believe that strengthening multilateral connections between India and the U. S. will make strategic alliance relations between Islamabad and Beijing even closer, even more so, because the Pakistani elite considers the partnership with China to be a security guarantee. Military-technical cooperation (MTC) of Islamabad and Beijing is carried out in three main areas: Rockets: Pakistani armed forces have short range and medium range missiles that experts regard as a ‘modification of Chinese allistic missiles’; Combat aircraft: the Pakistani Air Force has aircraft of Chinese design – JF-17 Thunder and K-8 Karakorum, as well as the co-produced interceptor aircraft. In addition, the Pakistani Air Force uses the early warning radar system made in China (U. S. experts believe that the delay in the transfer of the remains of the stealth helicopter that took part in the elimination of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011, was associated with its preliminary study by t he Chinese military); Nuclear program: it is believed that China could have transferred to Pakistan the technologies that are critical to the production of nuclear weapons. In addition to MTC, Pakistan and China are actively developing economic relations; their development acceleration was caused by a Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement of 2008. By some estimates, the bilateral trade is approaching $15 billion. With China’s help, long-term infrastructure projects are being implemented in Pakistan, covering road construction, minerals development (including copper and gold), the classical energy manufacturing as well as several projects in the nuclear / non-classical energy field. An important object of the joint activity was the construction of the deepwater port of Gwadar in Baluchistan Province (the port complex operation was started in December 2008. ). This port, located at 180 nautical miles from the entrance to the Strait of Hormuz, through which about 40% of the world’s supply of oil by water is accomplished, is of strategic importance to Beijing as well. First, it provides diversification and hydrocarbons-supply protection and, secondly, it is possible to access the Arabian Sea through Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), which is important for the overall economic security of China. Formally, Pakistan has two main strategic allies – China and the United States. However, in the light of the events in 2011 the country’s ruling circles have lost confidence in America and increasingly rely on China, referred to, at an informal level, as the ‘all-weather ally’. (An important factor in the growth of Islamabad’s distrust to Washington was the US-Indian ‘nuclear deal’ that has in fact excluded India, according to Pakistani officials, from the nuclear non-proliferation regime. ) The decision by China to build two nuclear reactors in Pakistan, in addition to the existing ones, was a vivid demonstration of mutual trust. However, there are still some problems in the ‘all-weather allies’ relationship. China’s elite is concerned with the high level of political extremism in Pakistan. Beijing is worried about the growing militancy of the Uighurs operating from the tribal area of Pakistan. According to experts, a significant number of Uighurs who attended madrassas in Pakistan in the 1980s have been subsequently mobilized to units operating on the territory of Afghanistan – first against the Soviet troops and later against the combined forces of the U. S. and its allies in their fight against the Taliban. A certain faction of the Uighurs – ‘Mujahideen’ – apparently returned to China. Another cause of concern in Beijing is the frequent attacks of political radicals against Chinese nationals working in Pakistan on contract (more than 10,000 people). The situation is particularly difficult in the province of Baluchistan, in the western part of the country. Therefore, Beijing, preoccupied as it is with the safety of its citizens as well as the country’s prestige in the Muslim world, does not put a special emphasis on combating terrorism in Pakistan, in fact, entrusting a major role in this campaign to the United States. In its turn, Washington takes into account China’s growing concern over proactive forces of political Islam in Pakistan, seeing the coincidence of the United States’ and China’s long-term strategic interests in combating radicalism. China seeks to maintain a strategic policy toward Pakistan that blends the two contradictory principles: 1) restriction of the geopolitical influence of the U. S. and India in South Asia, and 2) protection of the Celestial Empire against political extremism emanating from the Pakistani territory. This task is solved both by the balanced development of relations with Islamabad and Delhi, and through the promotion of good neighbourly relations between the two ‘historic rivals’. This, among other things, is due to the relatively ‘impartial’ policy of the Middle Kingdom, in particular regarding the ‘Kashmir problem’. Such a compromise position of Beijing is apparently connected with the fears of a possible impact of the ‘demonstration effect’ of fermentation in the ‘big’, i. e. historical, Kashmir on tentative ethnic and religious turmoil in Xinjiang and Tibet. PT-2 A point of view has long been firmly established among Indian political analysts that the only function of relations between China and Pakistan is that of ‘containment’ of India in South Asia. It is difficult to deny the logic of such geopolitical constructions, but this position underestimates the importance of trends that cause a significant external impact on the internal political situation in China during the last decade. The permanent destabilising impact of events in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR) on the overall development of China is a recognized fact. Moreover, political circles in Beijing do not rule out the possibility that supporters of the ‘independent Uighur state’ operating from the KhyberPakhtunkhwa or North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) territory of Pakistan are supported by the USA and some Muslim states. Therefore, Beijing endeavours to use various options to neutralise the forces of political Islam in Xinjiang, including those at the state level (Xinjiang is a home to over eight million Uighurs, the most radical of them are seeking to establish an independent state – ‘East Turkistan’). In this direction the China’s policy towards Pakistan has adopted new important points. On the one hand, Beijing was satisfied with a full support of action to eliminate disturbances in Urumqi in July 2009 by the President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari, the leader of a ‘core’ Muslim state that has formally dissociated itself from the ‘International Islamic Resistance Movement’ in Xinjiang. On the other hand, China has doubts about the Pakistan authorities’ ability to exercise effective control over all its territory. Beijing is not fully convinced in the effectiveness of such controls and some of Islamabad’s steps taken against extremists, in particular the stringent restrictive measures against the Uighur settlements and their religious schools in Pakistan that have become ‘nurseries’ for the future separatists. The doubts took the form of a direct agreement on multilateral cooperation between the PRC Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The goal of the agreement is establishing direct contacts with the NWFP leaders in order to suppress the activities of Islamists carried out from the territory of the province. The agreement, however, has a significant socio-economic content. Its ‘supporting structure’ seems to be the broadening (with China’s help) of the Karakorum Highway, which is strategic for both countries and (through the Khunjerab pass located at an altitude of 4,693 metres above the sea level) connects Xinjiang and NWFP. The Pakistani authorities seek to persuade China about the appropriateness of using the Karakorum Highway as a main international communication link for the delivery of imports to China from Pakistan’s ports, particularly from Gwadar in the Arabian Sea that has been modernised with the Beijing’s help. The agreement also provides for cooperation in the field of interregional trade, science and technology, culture, education, health, agriculture, sports and tourism. It can be noted: filling the NWFP agreement with specific content, China will seek to engage as much of economically active population as possible in the bilateral interregional ties cycle, and thus bind their potentially destructive to China activities in Xinjiang. Interregional relations are only a part of the Beijing’s general course for stabilising the situation in Pakistan. The PRC leadership is aware that Pakistan’s problems are of structural and systemic origin, and that they are generated by the state’s government course that is constantly and on an extended basis reproducing the contradictions that threaten the unity and territorial integrity of the country. Beijing wants to diversify its geopolitical strategy towards Pakistan and the South Asia as a whole. First, Beijing seems to be confident that because of its involvement in military activities in Afghanistan, the U. S. positions in Pakistan have been subtly but irreversibly weakening. The new ‘equation’ of geopolitical power in Central Asia is indicative of China emerging as a dominant economic â€Å"actor† in the area. Beijing carries out the tactics of gently pushing the U. S. out of Pakistan through the time tested and proven practice of foreign economic relations expansion. In addition, Pakistan is counting on China’s substantial financial assistance, as well as cooperation in the ‘classical’ energy field, primarily the construction of hydropower stations along the lines of tested Chinese projects (based on the experience of the ‘Three Gorges’ project on Yangtze River) in the mountains. Second, true to its strategic principle of ‘economy defines geopolitics,’ China actively participates in the modernisation of transport infrastructure in Pakistan. In fact, the implementation of projects in this area is subject to reaching a two-in one objective: to ensure safe transportation of energy carriers on the Persian Gulf – South China Sea route and limit the U. S. influence in the regions of the Middle East, South and Central Asia that are a ‘sensitive’ spot for China. The above-mentioned project – the Gwadar port in the north-western part of the Arabian Sea – is an ideal place for observing the movement of vehicles and naval vessels coming from the Persian Gulf towards the East, and – if necessary – can be used to protect the vehicles delivering energy resources to the Far East. In particular, the active participation of experts from China in modernising bases and stations of Pakistan Navy submarines, which can also be used by Chinese submarines, speaks in favour of this assumption. Third, according to media reports, China intends to seek permission to open a military base in Pakistan. Military experts believe that there are at least three strategic objectives pursued: providing a ‘soft’ military-political pressure on India; limiting U. S. influence in Pakistan and Afghanistan; direct supervising over the activities of the ‘Uighur separatists’ in the NWFP of Pakistan. Fourth, according to Indian press, China has become a major supplier of military equipment to Pakistan. Currently, the Pakistani army is allegedly armed with Chinese military equipment to the tune of 70 percent. Moreover, citing some military sources in Delhi, the Indian press says: If the prospect of receiving the Russian fifth generation fighter by the Indian Air Force is materialised, Pakistan will turn for help to China also carrying research in this area of military construction. And finally, for Pakistan, China remains an indispensable ally and partner in the improvement of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems since 1976. And there is no evidence of terminating that assistance in the foreseeable future.